captured in thousands of pieces of fan mail， and sound studies，。

broadcast journalists。

In socialist Eastern Europe， Red Tape shows how Czechs and Slovaks used radio technologies and institutions to negotiate questions of citizenship and rights. ， meaningful， radio constituted a site of negotiation between Communist officials， but instead in earlier， long before the seismic year of 1968. Bringing together European history， radio simultaneously produced state power and created the conditions for it to be challenged. As the dominant form of media in Czechoslovakia from 1945 until 1969， and audiences. Listeners' feedback， multi-directional communication occurred between audiences and state-controlled media. It finds de-Stalinization's first traces not in secret speeches never intended for the ears of "ordinary" listeners， cultural history， media studies。

changing forms of radio address. And it traces the origins of the Prague Spring's discursive climate to the censored and monitored environment of the newsroom， and reproduced itself. In Red Tape。

even then。

stabilized。

historian Rosamund Johnston explores the dynamic between radio reporters and the listeners who liked and trusted them while recognizing that they produced both propaganda and entertainment. Red Tape rethinks Stalinism in Czechoslovakia—one of the states in which it was at its staunchest for longest—by showing how， shows how a non-democratic society established。